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York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway
The York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway (YN&BR) was a railway company that operated from 1847 to 1854 in the north-east of England. Most of early railways in the area were built to take coal from mines to navigable water; horses or steam locomotives were used to haul wagons or stationary steam engines pulled trains using ropes. The Great North of England Railway was formed to build a railway from York to Newcastle but by 1841, when it opened to Darlington, it had run out of money. The Newcastle & Darlington Junction Railway (N&DJR), formed by the railway financier George Hudson, completed the line in 1844 by running over the existing Brandling Junction, Pontop and South Shields and Durham Junction railways for part of the route. The N&DJR bought these railways, arranged to lease and buy the Great North of England Railway, and in 1846 was renamed the York & Newcastle Railway.
The York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway was formed on 9 August 1847 when this company merged with the Newcastle & Berwick Railway, taking over much of what is now the East Coast Main Line between York and Berwick-upon-Tweed. Hudson resigned as chairman of the YN&BR in 1849 after accounting irregularities were discovered. The YN&BR completed the plans of its predecessors, including building Newcastle Central railway station, the High Level Bridge across the River Tyne and the Royal Border Bridge across the River Tweed. The results of a price war in the early 1850s lead to further amalgamation, and on 31 July 1854 the Leeds Northern Railway, York & North Midland Railway and YN&BR merged to form the North Eastern Railway.
==Early railways==
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